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Há 12 anos, 99 pessoas morreram em acidente com Fokker-100 da TAM em Congonhas

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Há 12 anos, 99 pessoas morreram em acidente com Fokker-100 da TAM em Congonhas

Sexta-feira, 31 de Outubro de 2008

Há 12 anos, 99 pessoas morreram em acidente com Fokker-100 da TAM em Congonhas

No dia 31 de outubro de 1996 um acidente com o Fokker-100 da TAM, vôo 402, que ia de São Paulo para o Rio de Janeiro e caiu minutos depois da decolagem no aeroporto de Congonhas, espalhando destroços sobre dois prédios e sete casas, matou 99 pessoas, sendo 90 passageiros, seis tripulantes e três pessoas que estavam nas ruas. A causa do acidente foi uma rara combinação de falha material funcional e humana, que só aconteceu por causa de um defeito no reverso.

Investigações da TAM e da Fokker, a empresa que fabrica os aviões, concluíram que o funcionamento indevido de um relé provocou a abertura do reverso direito do jato (que auxilia a freagem e só deve abrir na hora do pouso). Em dezembro de 1997, relatório da Aeronáutica isentou a TAM de culpa e responsabilizou a Fokker por falhas no projeto do avião.

Segundo o relatório do Centro de Investigação e prevenção de Acidentes Aéreos (Cenipa), durante a decolagem o reverso do motor direito do Fokker-100 abriu sem que nenhum tipo de alarme fosse acionado na cabine de comando, pegando de surpresa uma tripulação que jamais fora treinada para essa situação.

A Aeronáutica revelou que a Fokker enviara, em 28 de junho de 1995, após consulta prévia da TAM, carta informando que não era necessário treinar os pilotos para esse tipo de emergência porque, simplesmente, era impossível que o reverso do Fokker se abrisse durante a decolagem.

O relatório diz que a falha no reverso pode ter sido provocada por mudanças no sistema de alimentação de energia do equipamento. Até 1995, o reverso era alimentado por uma barra de energia que serve a toda a aeronave, o que impediria o reverso de funcionar no caso de falha dessa barra. A Fokker decidiu implantar um sistema próprio de alimentação de energia para o reverso que, segundo o Cenipa, aumentou a probabilidade de falha no sistema, que era de uma em dez milhões, para uma em um milhão.

Um outro fator ajudou a derrubar o avião: os contatos de um relé (controlador de circuitos elétricos) que deveria acionar os sistemas sonoro e visual de alarme na cabine de comando podem ter se fundido antes da decolagem, o que fez com que os pilotos morressem sem saber o que provocou a pane. Esse relé, segundo o coronel Douglas Machado, chefe do Cenipa, foi encontrado 13 dias depois do acidente em meio aos destroços.

A falha humana detectada pelo Cenipa foi decorrente de outras duas: a falta de informação sobre a pane, provocada pelo relé queimado, e a falta de treinamento para a situação, estimulada pelo fabricante da aeronave. Segundo o relatório, os pilotos não seguiram a recomendação básica de não adotar procedimento algum na cabine de comando antes de a aeronave alcançar altitude de 400 pés (cerca de 250 metros).

Segundo o coronel Machado, os pilotos poderiam ter ganhado tempo se tivessem deixado o avião subir e se estabilizar, sem forçar o motor em pane por causa do reverso.

O Cenipa constatou que o único aviso que os pilotos tiveram após a abertura do reverso foi o recuo brusco do manete (o acelerador manual da aeronave), logo depois que o avião saiu do chão e começou a recolher o trem de pouso.

Uma animação feita por computador, apresentada pela Aeronáutica, mostrou que entre a decolagem e a queda os pilotos travaram uma queda-de-braço com os manetes, numa atitude desesperada para descobrir o que estava ocorrendo. Um dos pilotos decidiu forçar o manete do motor em pane para ganhar potência. Fez tanta força que conseguiu quebrar o cabo de segurança que impede o motor de ganhar potência com o reverso aberto. Os pilotos pensaram que tinham feito tudo certo, esperando o Fokker se chocar cientes de que tinham os manetes à frente e os motores na potência total.

A tragédia segundo a segundo:

Autorizado pela torre de controle, às 8h26m o avião começa a correr na pista para decolar

29 segundos: Neste momento, o avião corre a cerca de 90 quilômetros por minuto na pista

55 segundos: O avião levanta vôo. O reverso da turbina direita abre e fecha pela primeira vez, sem que o piloto perceba. O manete dá um tranco para trás e o piloto acelera a turbina manualmente

70 segundos: O reverso abre pela terceira vez e não fecha mais

74 segundos: O manche do Fokker começa a tremer e o avião perde altura

79 segundos: O Fokker inclina-se ainda mais para a direita, batendo com a asa num prédio de três andares. O avião explode. Noventa e nove pessoas morrem. São 8h27m.

Postado por Jorge Tadeu da Silva
Marcadores: Acidentes Brasil, Notícias Brasil

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